For example, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy smokers (Kuschner et al., 1996) and IPF patients (Wilson et al., 2010), as well as tissue from COPD patients (Pauwels et al., 2011), suggesting inadequate resolution of inflammation. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.