INS and Insulin resistance: Reactome enrichment pathway analysis revealed that genes were significantly enriched in insulin resistance, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) signaling pathway in diabetic complications and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway (Fig. 6).