GCG and cancer: These upregulated mRNAs were significantly enriched in the Phosphatidylinositol signaling system (p = 0.001), Pathways in cancer (p = 0.003), Glucagon signaling pathway (p = 0.007) etc., whereas the downregulated genes were significantly enriched in the Proteasome (p < 0.001), Protein export (p = 0.001), Oxidative phosphorylation (p = 0.009) and Parkinson’s disease (p = 0.01; Figure 3B and Supplementary Table S3).