TNF and cancer: Andrographis extract and andrographolide can effectively reduce the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF and TNF-α) in metastatic tumor-bearing mice to inhibit tumor metastasis, while increasing IL-2 to stimulate NK cells and T cell-mediated immune response to eliminate cancer cells (Sheeja and Kuttan, 2010).