AL-1 ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reduced iNOS, COX-2, NO and PGE2 in cultured macrophages, significantly reduced production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2 and IFN-γ, and increased secretion of IL-10 (Jing et al., 2019). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.