CDH1 and Chronic colitis: In a mouse model of chronic colitis, andrographolide reduced CD4+ T-cell and macrophage infiltration in colonic tissue, reduced Th17 and Th1 differentiation, decreased p38 and ERK1/2 activation in colonic tissue, and reduced colonic tissue in mice with chronic colitis activation of MAPK and NF-κB; moreover, andrographolide increased E-cadherin levels and decreased α-SMA expression to alleviate colonic fibrosis (Gao et al., 2020).