TNF and colitis: Andrographolide derivative,AL-1, which can significantly reduce proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 level ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis in mice by down-regulating NF-κB pathway and up-regulating PPAR-γ pathway and suppressed inflammatory responses by reducing inflammatory cytokine levels and MPO activity (Yang et al., 2016).