TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Andrographolide alleviates CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis by attenuating oxidative stress and preventing multinucleated cell infiltration in diseased joints and synovial tissue; in medium and high doses of andrographolide, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CXC chemokine ligand 2, joint elastase, and MPO were considerably decreased, and the levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were improved (Luo et al., 2020).