Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that 20-HETE stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-8, IL-13, IL-4, and PGE2, in endothelial cells (Ishizuka et al., 2008) resulting in endothelial cell activation and endothelial dysfunction (Singh et al., 2007) (Figure 3). Here, IL13 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.