IL4 and endothelial dysfunction: Additionally, studies have demonstrated that 20-HETE stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-13, IL-4, and PGE2, in endothelial cells via activation of NF-kB and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways (Ishizuka et al., 2008), resulting in endothelial cell activation and endothelial dysfunction (Singh et al., 2007).