ITPA and neutropenia: For neutropenia, the results did not show any different outcome between Asians and Caucasians (Barba et al., 2022), while for hepatotoxicity, the 94C > A variant was significantly associated with an increased risk in Asians and Middle Easterners (Lee et al., 2022).Moreover, IBD patients with ITPA variant alleles exhibited higher 6-TGN levels than those with the wild-type allele (Luo et al., 2022).