Both arterial baro- and cardiopulmonary reflexes are blunted in CHF, as expressed by an inadequate tonic inhibitory effect on sympathetic outflow and eventually sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation, together with anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and renin secretion along promoting renal retention of salt and water despite of volume expansion (25, 26). This evidence concerns the gene AVP and congestive heart failure.