INS and endothelial dysfunction: Insulin resistance is associated with the occurrence of vascular-related conditions including hypertension (Tarray et al., 2014), atherosclerosis (Semenkovich 2006), and endothelial dysfunction (Steinberg et al., 1996), and insulin plays an important role in conduit arteries compliance, modulation of blood flow and relaxation of resistance arterioles (Zheng and Liu 2015).