TP53 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Bufotalin can effectively inhibit the viability of ESCC cells, enhance caspase protein activity, upregulate the expression of DNA damage-associated proteins, inhibit DNA repair, and markedly inhibit the expression of Ki-67, a biomarker of proliferation, suggesting that bufotalin exhibits therapeutic potential for ESCC through modulating the p53 signaling pathway (66).