VIPR1 and cancer: Additionally, PACAP promoted the phosphorylation of AKT, an effector molecule of PI(3,4,5)P3, in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line that expresses VIPR1 and VIPR2 (33), suggesting that activation of VIP receptor-mediated signaling may increase PI(3,4,5)P3 and promote cancer cell migration.