AKT1 and cancer: Additionally, integrins (typical adhesion molecules in cancer cells), TGFβ receptors, and collagens closely associate with discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), a subfamily of tyrosine kinases that can be phosphorylated by collagen ligation, leading to the activation of AKT/PI3K signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signaling, and Rho family signaling [34], which regulate various functions, including cell proliferation and migration.