INS and diabetes mellitus: The impaired insulin signaling caused by diabetes has been shown to cause osteoporosis, and the phosphorylation levels of InsR, IRS-1, and IRS-1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT), and ERK were significantly increased after DAPs treatment, suggesting that DAPs can promote osteoblast proliferation through regulating the insulin signaling pathway to treat diabetes-induced osteoporosis [80].