TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: It has been shown that GPR43 mediates the therapeutic activity of butyrate in IBD, in which butyrate exhibits a high potency barrier, enhancing activity in IECs, and inhibiting LPS-induced TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ, IL-17 release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were all found to play a significant role in IBD development in children [86].