In human models, NLRP3 inflammasome, which is implicated in paediatric IBD [92], has been shown to be inhibited by βOHB, resulting in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 production in LPS-activated human monocytes with significantly increased histone H3 acetylation in macrophages [93]. Here, IL1B is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.