The results of in vitro experiments showed that several strains belonging to the species, B.longum and L.plantarum, exert anti-inflammatory effects on IECs, as indicated by increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-γ, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-1β) production, which are involved in the pathogenesis of paediatric IBD [99,100]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.