TNF and Parkinson disease: In addition, IF alters the gut microbiota composition of MPTP-induced PD mice, inhibiting the number of pro-inflammatory bacteria Clostridium in the gut and reducing the number of glial cells as well as the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF -α, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect, despite with no change in the SCFA level [132].