These pathways mainly mediate through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), PI3K/Akt, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to promote cell proliferation [108], such that the regulatory activity of melatonin can be demonstrated by its capability to inhibit NF-κB activation in human lung cancer cell lines and liver cancer cell lines [109,110]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to lung carcinoma.