A Canadian group investigating the associations of second-trimester fructosamine levels with 3-year postpartum glycemic indices in GDM and non-GDM participants has demonstrated that higher fructosamine levels were associated with higher maternal 3-year postpartum fasting insulin and HOMA-IR [22], whereas no associations were observed between the fructosamine levels and HOMA-IR in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes [56]. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.