GPT and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Serrao et al. presented the use of 13C MRSI with hyperpolarized pyruvate[1-13C] for metabolic imaging in pancreatic cancer (PCa) in a mouse model to determine alanine and lactate concentrations and to determine the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), to determine disease progression [152].