VCAM1 and kidney disorder: Urinary VCAM-1 holds promise as a non-invasive predictor of underlying active renal disease; a strong association between urinary VCAM-1 and NIH renal histology AI was displayed in two separate studies (r = 0.42 and r = 0.97; p = 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively) [66,95].