TSHR and neoplasm: Furthermore, Xing M demonstrated that activation of the MAPK signaling pathway resulted in the up-regulation of tumor-promoting genes (such as VEGFA, MET, HIF1A, UPA, UPAR, TGFB1 and TSP1) and the down-regulation of tumor suppressor and thyroid genes (such as TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK1, NIS, TSHR and TPO) [32].