TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition to tumor studies, other studies found that tetrachloromethane (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice was accompanied by the downregulation of GADD45A and the upregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF-β)/Smad, ultimately confirming that GADD45A regulates the activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling, thereby preventing liver fibrosis [75].