CXCL12 and neoplasm: The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 signaling axis has been implicated in tumor cell growth, survival, invasion and metastasis, immune evasion, and angiogenesis in BC and other tumor cell types, thus leading to increased proliferation and fostering aggressiveness by promoting neovascularization and metastatic spread [10,11].