Meanwhile, astrocytes derived from PD patients with the LRRK2 G2019S and Beta-glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) N370S mutations reflect several hallmarks of PD by displaying an altered phenotype of increased Ca2+ levels and increased reactivity upon inflammatory stimulation, mitochondrial DNA maintenance defects, metabolic changes, and altered polyamine metabolism [37]. Here, LRRK2 is linked to Parkinson disease.