IR results in the inhibition of insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling, the downregulation of PI3K/Akt expression, the decrease in protein synthesis and Forkhead Box O1 (a transcription factor that regulates glucose metabolism, fat generation, and bone mass) phosphorylation and the stimulation of protein degradation through the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, thus causing muscle injury and loss in patients with T2DM [93]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.