TNF and COVID-19: Their study concluded that the cytokine profiles in COVID-19 cases are peculiar to innate responses (interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8/CXCL8), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), growth-regulated oncogene-α (GROα/CXCL1), monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3/CCL7), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).