TNF and Alzheimer disease: Ginsennoside Rd attenuates cognitive decline by downregulating ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1; a marker of microglia), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of reactive astrocytes), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and caspase-3 expression and upregulating IL-10 expression in the hippocampus at 5 days after Aβ1–40-induced AD [50].