HMGB1 and ischemic stroke: The studies focusing on investigating the levels of HMGB1 have found that HMGB1 levels peak early during the acute stage after ischemic stroke, consistent with the passive release of HMGB1 from necrotic neurons and later on 6–7 days after ischemic stroke, reflecting the actively released HMGB1 from the activated microglia, macrophages, endothelial cells and astrocytes [21].