As far as we know, our study is the first to show that DPDS can activate the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in a cell model of DN, indicating that the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is involved in the protective effects of DPDs on t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in HBZY-1 cells. Here, KEAP1 is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.