AOM/DSS model effectors include factors such as: inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), NF-κB, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway, proinflammatory cytokines, and β-catenin (reviewed in: [137]). The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is infectious otitis media.