TNF and colorectal carcinoma: It is clear that some of the important molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of CRC are signaling pathways based on inflammatory mediators in mucosa (e.g., cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-23, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and chemokines) (reviewed in: [46]).