UGCG and breast neoplasm: Since ceramides are the precursors to produce the downstream sphingolipids, both ceramide de novo synthesis and ceramide turnover are increased in the breast tumor cells, as marked by increased gene expression of CERS2, -4, and -6, ceramide kinase (CERK), sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG), and sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SGMS1), enzymes that are involved in ceramide turnover [49,53,54] (Table 1).