In vivo studies assessing the pathophysiological role of S100A11 in HCC development are currently lacking, but in vitro analyses with transformed hepatocytes cell lines provide evidence that S100A11 could exert an oncogenic activity in the liver by fostering hepatocyte proliferation [65], invasion [66] and endoplasmic reticulum stress, as well as resistance to anti-cancer drugs [65]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A11 and cancer.