In line with these findings, our data show that overexpression of PD-L1 was associated with enhanced colony formation, migration/invasion, and cell cycle progression, while knockdown of PD-L1 led to opposite behaviors of the NSCLC cells, suggesting that PD-L1 may act as an oncogene to regulate immune-independent tumor growth in NSCLC. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.