ACE and chronic kidney disease: Regression was adjusted for age, sex, the Charlson comorbidity index, co-medications (aspirin, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, spironolactone, glucocorticoids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and antiviral therapy for hepatitis B or C), comorbidities (hypertensive cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease), and calendar year at the start of follow-up.