TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The proinflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α are expressed by various immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and endothelial and epithelial cells in the human adipose tissue, and these inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and type-2 diabetes, in all of which these cytokines have been found to be consistently elevated [52,53].