TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In recent years, there have been many discoveries in the field of immune metabolism, and direct or indirect targeting of macrophage-secreted factors or macrophage-related markers can improve insulin resistance and reduce the development of T2D by mechanisms including enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and reducing inflammation et al. Current research hotspots include targeted therapy of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and miRNAs.