Interestingly, comparative pathway analysis using IPA identified several immune responses that were uniquely associated with downregulated genes in TAS as compared to tumor epithelium (−log10(p-value) > 1.3 or p-value < 0.05) including natural killer cell signaling, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells, antigen presentation, B cell and T cell signaling, NUR77 signaling in T lymphocytes, CD27 signaling in lymphocytes, IL17A, IL-12, IL-3,IL-13, IL-15, IL-23 signaling, and role of RIG1-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity (Figure 5C, Supplementary Table S6a). Here, IL15 is linked to neoplasm.