HGF and neoplasm: Among the pathways (−log10(p-value) > 1.3 or p-value < 0.05) associated with upregulated genes in TAS as compared to tumor epithelium are several signaling pathways that promote tumorigenesis including protein kinase A, WNT/β-catenin, STAT3, FAK, ILK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-B, p38MAPK, HGF, RAC, FGF, and PI3K/AKT (Figure 5C, Supplementary Table S6b).