AGER and neoplasm: After radiotherapy, DAMP molecules are first recognized by pattern recognition receptors; for example, HMGB1 is released into the extracellular environment and then mediates potent pro-inflammatory effects by binding to its downstream receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to stimulate efficient processing and cross-presentation of tumor antigens from dying cells [148].