In a study that included 70 Japanese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who were administered anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy, pre-ICI baseline fecal samples showed that in patients who were antibiotics-free, Ruminococcaceae UCG 13 and Agathobacter were enriched in patients with favorable objective response rates (ORR) (achieved a complete response (CR), partial response (PR) or continuous stable disease (SD) for more than 6 months) and a PFS longer than 6 months [56]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.