TNF and neoplasm: Nociception-associated proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-11), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), chemokines, e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α), CXCR4, as well as matrix metalloproteinases and anti-inflammatory cytokine-transforming growth factor (TGF-β) contribute to tumor growth and metastasis [8,260,261].