In particular, the preferential localization of GDF-15 in excrescences may serve to support future research on the validity of markers such as PD-L1, GDF-15, and CD68 in urine or seminal plasma, for the early and non-invasive detection of PCa, or to define the degree of severity, or be utilized as a non-invasive biomarker of PCa as compared to BPH. Here, CD68 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.