Twelve hours after the caerulein challenge, the pancreas injury index, including serum lipase, α-amylase (Fig. 2B, C) and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α (Fig. 2D, E), were significantly upregulated in mice induced with caerulein pancreatitis but decreased significantly after JTE-013 intervention. Here, TNF is linked to pancreatitis.