INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, ALA has been shown to be actively involved in glucose-regulating mechanisms by functioning as an insulin sensitizer in skeletal muscles [62], facilitating translocation of glucose transporter protein subtype 4 (GLUT 4) to the plasma [45] and activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [62], a widely-recognized enzyme that regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and cellular energy homeostasis by inhibiting gluconeogenic genes and enzymes which are abnormally regulated in gluconeogenesis pathway in T2DM [63].