GFAP and neurodegenerative disease: There has been great progress in validating blood-based biomarkers for individualized prediction of neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been widely and consistently demonstrated that serum/plasma NfL and GFAP are markers of neurodegeneration and astrogliosis, respectively [36, 37], even though not sufficiently helpful in discriminating between AD and FTLD [38, 39].