Exercise acts through reduced systemic inflammation (reflected by lower C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in serum), enhanced anti-tumoural immune cell function and increased recruitment and cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells, a shift towards an anti-tumorigenic (Th1/M1) profile and an altered phenotype of tumour vasculature, improving blood flow and perfusion, and making the tumour more susceptible to systemic treatment [6–9]. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.