TNF and atrial fibrillation: And Colman et al. found that there were a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in fibrotic and necrotic cardiomyocytes in the atrial tissue of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, such as Ang-II, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (proinflammatory cytokines and hormone release IL-) 6 and IL-8 [31].What's more, it is found that the incidence of atrial fibrillation increases with the increase of C-reactive protein, indicating that C-reactive protein can be used as an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation [32].