First of all, compared with age ≤ 40, KPS ≥ 70, primary tumor, WHO grade 2, oligodendroglioma, and IDH mutant groups, the risk score was higher in age > 40, KPS < 70, recurrent tumor, WHO grade 3, astrocytoma, and IDH wildtype groups (Figure 4A–G; Figure S3A–G). Here, IDH1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).