PPIG and infection: Studies have shown that drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, are decreased at the transcriptional levels during infection or inflammation, which leading to reduce the metabolism of VRC (Renton, 2004; Aitken and Morgan, 2007; van Wanrooy et al., 2014; Encalada Ventura et al., 2015; Veringa et al., 2017).