SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Previous studies have demonstrated that SPP1 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be used to predict chemotherapy prognosis, such as ovarian cancer (Zeng et al., 2018), glioblastoma (Kijewska et al., 2017), HCC (Liu et al., 2022) and gastric cancer (Chen et al., 2018a).