FGF4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: AMPK activation may mediate the effect of FGF1 to protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in T2DM mice [22], and FGF4 improves blood glucose through activation of the AMPK pathway [23], implicating the AMPK pathway in the protective effects of FGF treatment on pancreatic islet β-cells.