PTEN and melanoma: On the other hand, it is of note that rampant genetic changes in melanoma are capable of reducing apoptosis through the overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), loss of both Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mutation of Akt3, NRAS, and BRAF [11, 20].