VEGFA and neoplasm: Indeed, upon exposure to acidosis or hypoxia, tumour cells release a large variety of immunosuppressive molecules, such as IL10, TGFβ and VEGF, that act on the immune system in three main ways: inhibiting immune cell proliferation and survival [106, 107], affecting immune cell function [106, 108] and regulating the signalling of downstream processes, such as PDL-1 overexpression [109, 110].